Metaphycus helvolus
Hold Ctrl whilst dragging to view details of selected occurrences.
Alien:
Between 1988 and 1989, M. helvolus was introduced from France into Cyprus and mass reared; subsequently, 2800 individuals were released (Orphanides 1993). Due to the combined effect of M. helvolus and M. lounsburyi (Section 1.50.7), S. oleae population densities have reduced from outbreak levels to almost non-existence and have remained at these low levels (Orphanides 1993).
Orphanides GM (1993) Control of Saissetia oleae (Hom.: Coccidae) in Cyprus through establishment of Metaphycus barletti and M. helvolus (Hym: Encyrtidae). Entomophaga 38(2): 235-239. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02372558
Gerber E, Schaffner U (2016) Review of invertebrate biological control agents introduced into Europe.CABI Switzerland, Rue des Grillons 1, CH-2800, 1-194.
ARI (1987) Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and natural resources, Annual Report For 1987, Nicosia, pp 90.